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The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, by Simon Baron-Cohen

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Review

"A simple but persuasive hypothesis for a new way to think about evil."―New York Times"The Science of Evil contains a huge amount of useful information for a rather short read...it's an important early step in building a more robust understanding of our species at its most horrific."―Boston Globe"Attractively humane...fascinating information about the relation between degrees of empathy and the state of our brains."―Terry Eagleton, Financial Times"Ground-breaking and important.... This humane and immensely sympathetic book calls us to the task of reinterpreting aberrant human behaviour so that we might find ways of changing it for the better.... The effect...is not to diminish the concept of human evil, but to demystify it."―Richard Holloway, Literary Review"Rigorously researched.... [Baron-Cohen's] discussion of how parents can instill lifelong empathy in their children is particularly useful."―Psychology Today"Short, clear, and highly readable. Baron-Cohen guides you through his complex material as if you were a student attending a course of lectures. He's an excellent teacher; there's no excuse for not understanding anything he says."―The Spectator"Baron-Cohen's professorial background shines through in the book's tone and in step-by-step, engaging prose urging both academic and lay reader alike to journey with him in scientific inquiry."―Publishers Weekly, starred review"What makes someone evil? What's the brain got to do with it? Baron-Cohen confronts the most urgent and controversial questions in social neuroscience. Both disturbing and compassionate this brilliant book establishes a new science of evil, explaining both its brain basis and development. Baron-Cohen fundamentally transforms how we understand cruelty in others and in so doing forces us to examine ourselves. Reading this book invites us to widen our own circle of empathy--compelling us to grow and comprehend, if not forgive."―Andrew N. Meltzoff, co-director of University of Washington Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences and co-author of The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind

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About the Author

Simon Baron-Cohen is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology in the departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. He is the Director of the University's Autism Research Centre, and a Fellow of Trinity College. He has received the Spearman Medal, the May Davison Award for Clinical Psychology, and the Presidents Award from the British Psychological Society. He has also won the McAndless Award from the American Psychological Association. His previous books include The Essential Difference and Mindblindness. He lives in Cambridge, England.

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Product details

Paperback: 272 pages

Publisher: Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition (September 4, 2012)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0465031420

ISBN-13: 978-0465031429

Product Dimensions:

5.5 x 0.8 x 8.2 inches

Shipping Weight: 9.6 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

3.7 out of 5 stars

133 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#223,171 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

I read Science of Evil: On Empathy and the origins of Cruelty by Simon Baron-Cohen at one sitting.  That's rare for me.  I usually like to dip in a little and then think it over for a day or so but the material was so gripping that I was on the edge of my seat.  I waited quite a few days before writing this review to process what I read.  Here is what I've concluded: if you want to truly understand evil, its source and a possible direction for a solution to evil this book is for you.  It gave me valuable new insights into evil as well as providing a solid, scientific basis for conclusions I've reached through study and experience.  And it lead me to pursue deeper research on the study of evil and empathy. What made this book so gripping was its relevancy.  Like all of us, I have had way too many exposures to evil in my life.  I submit that on a bell curve evaluating those who have personal knowledge of evil I would be on the downward slope toward the extreme range.  Without going into the grim details, I've seen, heard, and experienced evil from the inside out.  I live it as a victim of sexual abuse.  I studied it as a historian.  And I observed it working in a maximum security prison for two years.  I am a counselor on the GI Rights Hotline and have been trained in suicide intervention.  Today I take calls and work on cases of men and women who in many cases have experienced evil first hand.  I hear their stories as well of the stories of vets suffering from PTSD trying to get help for their suffering. While working in the prison system, 1978 - 1980, and more recently in my career as a public school teacher I worked with the emotionally challenged.  Public school teachers, particularly if you taught in inner city schools, work daily with some children who are severely emotionally and sometimes physically damaged.  And finally, my wife and I spent years living and working unsuccessfully with a family member who is emotionally disturbed.  We know only too well how lonely, difficult, and relatively unsupported such work is.  Reading Science of Evil, I realized the sad soul why were trying to help was suffering from undiagnosed Asperger's.  That discovery was a huge relief.  We finally understand why he was so unempathetic and, yet, thankfully did not seriously harm others.  So I have more than a passing interest in the subject of evil and empathy, the two subjects of Baron-Cohen's important book. Most of the books I've read about evil have been from the perspective of depth psychology.  Since 1980, I've read and reread pretty much everything Erich Fromm has written on human destructiveness and aggression.  These books delve deeply into evil and its causes.  Fromm has written fascinating case studies of Martin Luther, Hitler and Himmler.  But these studies,  while based on impeccable logic and the best available science of the time, are subjective.  Baron-Cohen's book is based on sound objective science.  Both men were serious men of science.  Fromm (1900- 1980), founder of Scientist Against Nuclear Energy (SANE) was a psychoanalyst and sociologist who had advanced degrees in both.  Simon Baron-Cohen is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Both share the perspective of a Jew, in the case of Fromm a German Jew, who knows evil all too intimately.  This gave both a unique ethnic/racial perspective unavailable to most gentiles.  Both Fromm and Baron-Cohen also write that evil is closely related to the objectification of the other.  Viewing people as non-human or deeply "other" is necessary for a human to rape, beat, mutilate, enslave or murder.  Fromm explains the process of evil from a sociological/psychological perspective that while profound is not fully objective.  He, like Baron-Cohen, concludes that close to zero empathy occurs with those who commit evil actions.  Baron-Cohen, however, provides a modern, scientific basis for similar conclusions reached by Fromm working before modern neuroscience. The book Science of Evil is not all science.  Baron-Cohen shares his horrors reading as a child about Nazi's who ran concentration camps by day and went home at night to read  nursery stories to their children from a light with a shade made of human skin.  Such stories jolted me out of my white- male privileged comfort zone but imagine how much more affecting  if I had had relatives who were murdered in a such camps.  Baron-Cohen also shares lessons learned from years of cutting edge research with the autistic.  Serial rapists, murders and the autistic and those suffering from Asperger's Syndrome share being at or near zero on the empathy scale Baron-Cohen and his colleagues developed.  However, people with autistic and Asperger's seldom if ever hurt others.  The difference is they have developed a moral code that keeps them from harming others.  In Baron-Cohen's analysis it's the difference from zero-positive from the zero-negative of the narcissist, Machievellian, and psychopaths.  This is a powerful insight with enormous implications.  Even people with zero empathy - with autism and Asberger's can be trained or train themselves not to harm others which they see as essentially objects.  But what about psychopaths?  Are they even capable of empathy?  I've known a few psychopaths in my day and the question haunted me but the answer was not available in Baron-Cohen's Science of Evil. I looked online for answers to this question.  In the Netherlands  brain imaging research of psychopaths in prison for violent crimes revealed that "charming" (Machievellian?) psychopaths can turn on and off empathy.  See - Coldhearted Psychopaths Feel Empathy Too by Tanya Lewis,  July 24, 2013 07:19pm ET posted in livescience.com  Researchers had psychopaths while being imaged see a film which consistently evoked empathetic brain response in "normal" humans.  There was no empathetic brain response in the psychopathic subjects.  Asked to watch the film again while "trying to be empathetic" their brains lit up like normals.   This is proof that zero-negatives could potentially become zero-positives.  However, as my own experience with criminals suggest caution is needed.  When I worked at Narconon at the maximum security prison in Minnesota (SRM) my partner and I concluded that what we were producing in our program were "happy criminals."  Leopards don't easily change their spots.  Most prisons are universities of lower learning where criminals become better, more successful criminals.  Not that they can't change nor that we shouldn't keep trying but it's a long hard slog with many setbacks and few successes. In the title to this review I suggested the book was too short.  Like any good read, Baron-Cohen left me wanting more.  But could more be less?  Not in this case.  Obviously,  Baron-Cohen couldn't include research that happened after publication.  However, I think the author might have shared some of the research of neuroscientist Dr. Richard J. Davidson, who leads the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center, University Wisconsin-Madison.  Davidson and his colleagues conduct rigorous scientific research on healthy qualities of mind such as kindness, compassion, altruism, forgiveness, mindfulness and well-being.  Their findings support Baron-Cohen's thesis.      For further theory read A General Theory of Love by Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini and Richard Lannon, three San Francisco Bay psychiatrists, who popularized limbic resonance which arise as we experience empathy and intuition.  For ways to deepen your own empathy I recommend A Path With Heart and A Wise Heart by Jack Kornfield a clinical psychologist, meditation teacher and former Buddhist Monk in the Theravadin tradition. Length aside, this is a wonderful, important book that deserves five stars, with a little more stuff.

It's full of neurological info, and goes into detail about how the brain circuits become compromised when very young children are abused and abandoned. It's quite thorough in the explanation of and the etiology for "bad" behavior. The research is compelling and has been coupled with the work done by J. Bowlby and his "Attachment Theory," as well as Lawrence Kohlberg's "Morality Scale." It makes one pause and think about the impact of early parenting approaches and how we, as a society, must view "evil" behavior not as a willed choice, but--rather, a breakdown or compromised mechanism of specific parts of the brain not working accurately. We have all accepted that people behave differently after they suffered a stroke, or had a traumatic brain injury; it's understood within an attributional rationale. The notion of viewing human behavior as seen through the lenses of neurosciences is fast becoming a prominent model for explaining behaviors, and perhaps we can one day rid ourselves of the cause and therefore the bias that presently exists for those unfortunate ones who have been strapped with a disability that affects all of us.

This is a great book with a misleading title. If you're looking for a textbook, this is not it. If you're looking for an in-depth discussion of evil and free will, this is not it. What the book is, is highly readable, almost a page-turner, reviewing the science of empathy. This is highly relevant for psychotherapists of many types who are trying to understand who among their patients with poor moral development is likely to be a good candidate for therapy. The book is also useful to parents of persons on the autism spectrum who are struggling to understand their child's now-you-see-it-now-you-don't style of morality. The author describes, very briefly, the neuroscience of empathy as derived from brain imaging and genetic studies. (If you can't handle all the brain anatomy, skip that chapter and keep reading.) He then reviews the Empathy Quotient Scale (helpfully included in the book!) and the results obtained in persons with different types of psychopathology. He explains how low empathy accounts for some of the behaviors observed in persons with borderline, narcissistic, and psychopathic (or antisocial) personality disorders; and then compares and contrasts with persons on the autism spectrum.As a child psychiatrist, I found only a couple of trivial points to dispute. (For example, the reason that many kids with conduct disorder don't grow up to have antisocial personality disorder has more to do with how conduct disorder is diagnosed than that they suddenly develop empathy. Baron-Cohen also doesn't note that there are kids diagnosed with conduct disorder who are not callous and unemotional.) Having finished the book yesterday, I recommended it to a patient today and brought it up in discussion with a colleague. Not definitive, but worth the time to read.

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